Categoría: Normas APA

Las Normas APA 2026 exigen interlineado doble en todo el documento, sin excepciones por sección. Esto incluye la portada, el resumen, el cuerpo del texto, las citas en bloque, la lista de referencias y los apéndices. No se agrega espacio adicional entre párrafos ni entre entradas de la lista de referencias.

Interlineado requerido por sección

Fuente: Manual de Publicaciones APA, 7.ª edición, Sección 2.21.

Qué significa exactamente «interlineado doble»

El interlineado doble significa que la distancia entre cada línea de texto es el doble del tamaño de la fuente. Con Times New Roman a 12 pt, el interlineado doble produce aproximadamente 24 puntos de espacio vertical por línea.

El error más frecuente es confundir el interlineado doble con dejar una línea en blanco entre párrafos. Son cosas distintas: el interlineado doble se activa desde la configuración de párrafo en Word (valor 2,0), mientras que el espacio entre párrafos debe estar en 0 pt tanto antes como después del párrafo.

Cómo configurar el interlineado doble en Microsoft Word

Método 1: Atajo de teclado (más rápido)

1. Selecciona todo el texto: Ctrl + A.
2. Aplica interlineado doble: Ctrl + 2.

Esto aplica el interlineado doble al texto seleccionado de inmediato. No modifica el espaciado antes o después del párrafo, así que puede ser necesario ajustarlo también.

Método 2: Desde la pestaña Inicio

1. Selecciona todo el texto con Ctrl + A.
2. En la pestaña Inicio, haz clic en el botón Interlineado y espaciado entre párrafos (ícono con líneas y flechas).
3. Selecciona 2,0.
4. Haz clic nuevamente y selecciona Quitar espacio después del párrafo.

Método 3: Cuadro de diálogo Párrafo (control completo)

1. Selecciona todo el texto con Ctrl + A.
2. Haz clic derecho y selecciona Párrafo, o ve a Inicio → flecha del grupo Párrafo.
3. En el campo Interlineado, selecciona Doble.
4. En los campos Anterior y Posterior, escribe 0 pt en ambos.
5. Haz clic en Aceptar.

El Método 3 es el más completo porque ajusta tanto el interlineado como el espaciado entre párrafos en un solo paso, garantizando que el documento cumpla todos los requisitos APA de forma simultánea.

Cómo configurar el interlineado doble en Google Docs

1. Selecciona todo el texto con Ctrl + A.
2. Ve a Formato → Interlineado y espaciado entre párrafos → Doble.
3. Luego ve a Formato → Interlineado y espaciado entre párrafos → Eliminar espacio antes del párrafo.
4. Repite para Eliminar espacio después del párrafo.

Google Docs agrega 10 pt de espacio después de cada párrafo por defecto. Los pasos 3 y 4 son imprescindibles para que el documento quede correctamente configurado.

Interlineado en la lista de referencias

Cada referencia bibliográfica usa interlineado doble dentro de la entrada (si ocupa más de una línea). No se deja línea en blanco adicional entre una referencia y la siguiente. La lista de referencias completa aparece como un bloque de texto uniformemente a doble espacio.

La única diferencia visual entre las entradas es la sangría francesa de 1,27 cm: la primera línea de cada referencia comienza al margen, y las siguientes líneas se indentan.

Errores comunes con el interlineado

Preguntas frecuentes

¿El resumen también va a doble espacio?

Sí. El resumen sigue la misma regla que el resto del documento. La etiqueta «Resumen» (o «Abstract») va centrada y en negrita al inicio de la página, seguida del texto con interlineado doble y sin sangría en la primera línea.

¿Puedo usar interlineado sencillo para ahorrar páginas?

No. Las Normas APA no contemplan excepciones por longitud del documento. Si el trabajo se queda corto, la solución es agregar contenido, no alterar el formato.

¿El interlineado cambió entre APA 6 y APA 7?

No. El interlineado doble es un requisito que se mantiene sin cambios entre ediciones. Lo que cambió en APA 7 es que las notas al pie ahora pueden ir a espacio sencillo de forma explícita, algo que en APA 6 no quedaba del todo claro.

Para revisar el resto de los requisitos de formato APA — fuente, márgenes, numeración y portada — consulta la guía completa de estructura y formato APA.

APA 7th edition accepts six specific fonts — not just Times New Roman. The manual expanded the approved list to give researchers and students more flexibility, while keeping the core requirement: your font must be consistent throughout the paper and legible at the chosen size.

APA Approved Fonts and Sizes (2026)

Source: APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition, Section 2.19.

Each font has its own required point size — they are not interchangeable. Arial at 12 pt is not correct; Arial at 11 pt is. This pairing matters because the fonts were selected at sizes that produce similar visual weight on the page.

Which Font Should You Choose?

All six are equally valid under APA rules. The choice comes down to your institution’s requirements and the context of your paper:

When in doubt, use Times New Roman 12 pt. It is the font most professors and reviewers expect, even after APA 7 expanded the approved list.

Font Rules by Section

Use the same font and size throughout the paper with three exceptions:

How to Set Your Font in Word

1. Select all text: Ctrl + A.
2. In the Home tab, click the Font dropdown and type or select your font name.
3. Set the size in the size field next to the font name.
4. To save this as your default: go to Home → Font dialog launcher → Set As Default → All documents based on the Normal template.

Watch out: If your document was assembled from multiple sources (copy-pasted from PDFs, emails, or other documents), different sections may carry embedded font formatting. Use Ctrl + A → clear formatting → reapply your font to reset everything cleanly.

Bold, Italics, and Underline in APA

APA has specific rules for text emphasis — most students apply these incorrectly:

APA 6th vs 7th Edition: Font Changes

APA 6th edition required only Times New Roman 12 pt. APA 7th edition expanded the list to six fonts. This is one of the most significant formatting changes between editions for students updating older papers.

If your institution’s template still specifies Times New Roman, use Times New Roman — institutional requirements override the APA manual’s expanded list.

Fonts That Are NOT Accepted in APA

The APA manual does not provide an exhaustive list of prohibited fonts, but these are commonly misused and outside the approved list:

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I use different fonts for headings and body text?

No. APA requires a single consistent font throughout the paper. Headings are differentiated from body text through bold, italics, and alignment — not by switching fonts.

What font does APA recommend for LaTeX users?

Computer Modern at 10 pt — the LaTeX default. APA explicitly included it in the approved list to accommodate researchers using LaTeX. You do not need to install or specify it separately if you are using a standard LaTeX setup.

My university’s template uses Cambria. Should I change it?

Follow your university’s template. If they provide an official document with Cambria, that template has been approved by your institution and takes precedence over APA’s list. Contact your writing center or thesis office if you’re unsure.

Does font choice affect my APA score or grade?

It depends on the grader. Most professors won’t penalize Calibri vs. Times New Roman as long as both are from the approved list. However, submitting in a non-listed font (Garamond, Helvetica, Cambria) could result in a formatting deduction if your professor grades APA compliance strictly.

For the complete APA 7th edition formatting checklist — margins, spacing, page numbers, and title page — see the APA Format Guide.

Las Normas APA 2026 aceptan varias fuentes tipográficas, pero todas deben cumplir un requisito fundamental: ser legibles y consistentes en todo el documento. La séptima edición eliminó la exigencia de usar exclusivamente Times New Roman y amplió la lista de fuentes permitidas.

Fuentes aceptadas por Normas APA 2026

Fuente: APA Publication Manual, 7.ª edición, Sección 2.19.

Todas estas opciones son igualmente válidas. La elección depende de tus preferencias o de lo que indique tu institución. Si no tienes una directriz específica, Times New Roman 12 pt sigue siendo la más extendida en entornos académicos hispanohablantes.

¿Qué fuente es la más recomendada?

No existe una fuente «mejor» según la APA — todas las de la lista son correctas. Dicho esto, hay consideraciones prácticas:

¿La fuente cambia según la sección del documento?

En general, no. Debes usar la misma fuente y tamaño en todo el documento. Sin embargo, APA 7 permite usar una fuente diferente en casos específicos:

Uso del negrita, cursiva y subrayado en APA

APA tiene reglas específicas sobre cuándo usar cada énfasis tipográfico:

Negrita (bold)

Reservada para los títulos de las secciones según el nivel de encabezado correspondiente. No se usa para enfatizar palabras dentro de un párrafo.

Cursiva (itálica)

Se usa en estos contextos:

• Títulos de libros, revistas y películas en el texto y en las referencias.
• Palabras técnicas o términos especializados cuando se introducen por primera vez.
• Palabras en otro idioma integradas en el texto en español.
• Letras usadas como símbolos estadísticos (ej. p < .05, n = 30).

Subrayado

No se usa en textos APA. El subrayado estaba presente en versiones anteriores de la norma como sustituto de la cursiva en documentos mecanografiados, pero en la séptima edición quedó fuera de las directrices.

Cómo configurar la fuente en Microsoft Word

1. Selecciona todo el texto con Ctrl + A.
2. En la pestaña Inicio, despliega el menú de fuentes y selecciona la que vayas a usar (ej. Times New Roman).
3. En el campo de tamaño, escribe o selecciona el tamaño correspondiente (ej. 12).
4. Para establecerla como predeterminada: ve a Inicio → Fuente → Flecha del cuadro de diálogo → Establecer como predeterminada → Todo el documento basado en la plantilla Normal.

Niveles de encabezado y su formato tipográfico

APA 7 define cinco niveles de encabezado. El tipo de letra es el mismo en todos, pero el formato varía:

Errores comunes con la fuente en APA

Preguntas frecuentes

¿Cambió la fuente obligatoria entre APA 6 y APA 7?

Sí. La APA 6 exigía exclusivamente Times New Roman 12 pt. La APA 7 amplió la lista a seis fuentes aprobadas. Si tu institución todavía exige Times New Roman, esa indicación tiene prioridad.

¿Puedo usar Calibri si mi universidad pide Times New Roman?

No. Cuando la institución especifica una fuente, debes usarla aunque APA 7 permita otras opciones. Las directrices institucionales tienen prioridad sobre las de la APA.

¿El título de la portada también va en la misma fuente?

Sí. La portada usa la misma fuente que el resto del documento. El título en la portada va en negrita y puede tener un tamaño ligeramente mayor (hasta 14 pt en algunos formatos institucionales), pero la fuente no cambia.

Para revisar todos los elementos de formato que requiere un trabajo en Normas APA, incluyendo márgenes, interlineado y numeración, visita la guía completa de estructura y formato APA.

APA 7th edition requires double spacing throughout the entire paper — no exceptions for the abstract, references, block quotations, or figure captions. This is the single most common formatting mistake in student papers: adding extra spacing between sections or switching to single spacing for reference entries.

APA Line Spacing at a Glance

Source: APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition, Section 2.21.

What «Double Spacing» Actually Means

Double spacing sets the distance between lines of text to twice the height of the font. At 12-point Times New Roman, double spacing produces approximately 24 points of vertical space per line. In Word’s line spacing dialog, this corresponds to selecting «Double» (not «At least» or «Exactly» set to a specific point value).

Many students confuse double spacing with adding a blank line between paragraphs. These are different things. APA requires double line spacing without any additional blank lines between paragraphs. You achieve this by setting the paragraph spacing to zero (0 pt Before, 0 pt After) and the line spacing to Double.

How to Set Double Spacing in Microsoft Word

Method 1: Quick keyboard shortcut

1. Select all text: Ctrl + A (Windows) or Cmd + A (Mac).
2. Apply double spacing: Ctrl + 2 (Windows) or Cmd + 2 (Mac).

This is the fastest method for an existing document. It applies double spacing to all selected text instantly.

Method 2: Home tab → Paragraph spacing

1. Select all text (Ctrl + A).
2. In the Home tab, click the Line and Paragraph Spacing button (the icon with lines and arrows).
3. Select 2.0 from the dropdown.
4. Then click again and select Remove Space After Paragraph to eliminate extra spacing between paragraphs.

Method 3: Paragraph dialog for full control

1. Select all text (Ctrl + A).
2. Right-click and select Paragraph, or go to Home → Paragraph → dialog launcher (small arrow in bottom-right of the Paragraph group).
3. Set Line spacing: Double.
4. Set Before: 0 pt and After: 0 pt.
5. Click OK.

Method 3 gives you the most control and is the only approach that guarantees both double line spacing and zero extra space between paragraphs in a single step.

How to Set Double Spacing in Google Docs

1. Select all text: Ctrl + A (Windows) or Cmd + A (Mac).
2. Go to Format → Line & paragraph spacing → Double.
3. Then go to Format → Line & paragraph spacing → Remove space before paragraph.
4. Repeat for Remove space after paragraph.

Google Docs often adds 10 pt spacing after paragraphs by default. Step 3 and 4 are necessary to make your document fully APA-compliant.

Special Cases: When the Spacing Rule Feels Confusing

Reference list entries

Each reference entry is double-spaced within the entry (if it wraps to multiple lines). There is no extra blank line between entries. The entire reference list looks like one uniformly double-spaced block of text — the only thing separating entries is the hanging indent structure, not blank lines.

Block quotations

Block quotations (40+ words) are double-spaced and indented 0.5 inch from the left margin. No extra space appears before or after the block quotation — it flows as part of the surrounding paragraph spacing.

Tables and figures

Table body text may use single or double spacing — APA 7 gives flexibility here to improve readability. Table titles and notes use double spacing. Figure captions use double spacing.

Footnotes

Footnotes may be single-spaced in APA 7 (Section 2.13). This is the one explicit exception to the double-spacing rule. Each footnote starts on a new line; multiple footnotes are separated by a single blank line.

APA 6th vs 7th Edition: Line Spacing Changes

The core double-spacing requirement did not change between editions. APA 7 clarified the footnote rule and gave explicit permission for single spacing in tables.

Common Line Spacing Mistakes

Frequently Asked Questions

Should the abstract be double-spaced?

Yes. The abstract follows the same double-spacing rule as the rest of the paper. It appears on its own page, with the label «Abstract» centered and bolded at the top, followed by the text in double-spaced paragraph format (no first-line indent).

Is there any section where I can use single spacing?

Only footnotes. APA 7 explicitly permits single spacing for footnotes (Section 2.13). Table body cells may also use single spacing for clarity. Everything else — body text, abstract, references, block quotations, captions — must be double-spaced.

My professor asked for «double spacing» but my document looks different from theirs. Why?

The likely cause is extra space between paragraphs (Before/After spacing in Word or Google Docs). Select all text, open the Paragraph dialog, and confirm both Before and After are set to 0 pt. Then verify line spacing is set to Double, not «At least» or «Exactly.»

Can I use 1.5 spacing to save paper?

No. APA requires double spacing and does not offer a «save paper» exception. If you are submitting a published manuscript rather than a student paper, double spacing is intentional — it leaves room for editor annotations and peer review comments.

For the complete list of APA 7th edition formatting requirements including margins, fonts, and page numbers, see the APA Format Guide.

Las Normas APA 2026 exigen márgenes de 2,54 cm (1 pulgada) en los cuatro lados de cada página: superior, inferior, izquierdo y derecho. Esta medida aplica a todas las páginas del documento, sin excepción: portada, resumen, cuerpo del texto, lista de referencias y apéndices.

Si tu institución o docente solicita márgenes diferentes, esa indicación tiene prioridad sobre la norma general. Siempre revisa el reglamento de tu universidad antes de presentar.

Medidas exactas de los márgenes APA

Fuente: Manual de Publicaciones APA, 7.ª edición, Sección 2.22.

Cómo configurar los márgenes APA en Microsoft Word

Word utiliza márgenes de 2,54 cm por defecto en la mayoría de regiones de habla hispana, lo que coincide exactamente con los requisitos APA. Aun así, verifica la configuración antes de entregar cualquier trabajo.

Método 1: Desde la pestaña Diseño de página

1. Abre tu documento en Word.
2. Haz clic en la pestaña Diseño (o Diseño de página en versiones anteriores).
3. Haz clic en Márgenes en el grupo Configurar página.
4. Selecciona Normal en el menú desplegable. Esto aplica 2,54 cm en todos los lados.

Método 2: Configuración manual exacta

1. Ve a Diseño → Márgenes → Márgenes personalizados.
2. En el cuadro de diálogo Configurar página, escribe 2,54 en cada campo: Superior, Inferior, Izquierdo, Derecho.
3. En el campo Aplicar a, selecciona Todo el documento.
4. Haz clic en Aceptar.

Tip: Haz clic en Establecer como predeterminado antes de aceptar para que todos tus documentos futuros tengan automáticamente los márgenes correctos.

Verificar los márgenes con la regla de Word

Activa la regla desde Vista → Regla. La zona gris a cada lado de la regla representa el margen. Para una hoja carta (21,59 × 27,94 cm), el área blanca debe comenzar a 2,54 cm de cada borde.

Cómo configurar los márgenes APA en Google Docs

1. Abre el documento en Google Docs.
2. Ve a Archivo → Configuración de página.
3. En la sección Márgenes, escribe 2,54 en los cuatro campos (si el documento está en centímetros) o 1 si está configurado en pulgadas.
4. Haz clic en Aceptar.

Si no sabes en qué unidad trabaja tu documento, ve a Archivo → Configuración del documento → General y verifica la unidad de medida.

¿Los márgenes cambian según la sección del documento?

No. Los márgenes de 2,54 cm aplican a todas las secciones por igual. Lo que sí varía dentro de esos márgenes es la sangría del texto:

La sangría se mide desde el margen, no desde el borde de la página. El margen de la hoja nunca cambia.

Tamaño de hoja para trabajos APA

Las Normas APA no especifican un tamaño de hoja obligatorio, pero indican que los márgenes de 2,54 cm se aplicaron pensando en papel carta (Letter: 21,59 × 27,94 cm). En Latinoamérica es común usar también tamaño A4 (21 × 29,7 cm), que también es aceptado siempre que los márgenes se mantengan.

Consulta el reglamento de tu institución para saber qué tamaño de hoja exigen. Los márgenes de 2,54 cm son correctos para ambos formatos.

Errores comunes con los márgenes APA

Preguntas frecuentes

¿Los márgenes APA son iguales en la 6.ª y la 7.ª edición?

Sí. Los márgenes de 2,54 cm en los cuatro lados no cambiaron entre la APA 6 y la APA 7. Si actualizas un trabajo de una edición a la otra, no necesitas ajustar los márgenes.

¿Puedo usar márgenes más grandes para que el trabajo ocupe más páginas?

No. Alterar los márgenes para inflar el número de páginas va contra las políticas de integridad académica de la mayoría de instituciones. Los docentes verifican este tipo de ajustes. Usa los márgenes indicados y complementa el contenido si necesitas más páginas.

Mi universidad pide margen izquierdo de 3 cm para encuadernación. ¿Está bien?

Sí. La APA establece que los requisitos institucionales tienen prioridad sobre sus propias directrices. Si el reglamento de tu universidad exige un margen mayor para encuadernación, ese es el que debes usar.

Para revisar todos los requisitos de formato de un trabajo APA, incluyendo fuente, interlineado y numeración de páginas, visita la guía completa de formato APA.

APA 7th edition requires 1-inch (2.54 cm) margins on all four sides — top, bottom, left, and right — for every page of your paper, including the title page, abstract, body, and reference list. There are no exceptions by section, and no asymmetric margins for binding.

This guide gives you the exact settings, shows you how to apply them in Word and Google Docs in under two minutes, and covers the edge cases that trip students up.

Standard APA Margin Requirements

Source: APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition, Section 2.22.

If your university or professor specifies different margins (1.25 inches for binding, for example), follow the instructor’s requirement. The APA manual explicitly states that institutional requirements take precedence over its default formatting guidelines.

How to Set APA Margins in Microsoft Word

Word’s default margins are 1 inch on all sides — which means if you started a blank document without changing anything, you already have correct APA margins. Still, it’s worth confirming before you submit.

Method 1: Layout Tab (fastest)

1. Open your document in Word.
2. Click the Layout tab in the ribbon (called Page Layout in older versions).
3. Click Margins in the Page Setup group.
4. Select Normal from the dropdown — this sets 1 inch on all sides.
5. Done. Your margins are now APA-compliant.

Method 2: Page Setup dialog (for exact control)

1. Click Layout → Margins → Custom Margins at the bottom of the dropdown.
2. In the Page Setup dialog, set each field: Top: 1", Bottom: 1", Left: 1", Right: 1".
3. Make sure Apply to: Whole document is selected.
4. Click OK.

Tip: Click Set As Default before clicking OK to apply these margins to all future documents automatically.

How to Set APA Margins in Google Docs

1. Open your document in Google Docs.
2. Go to File → Page setup.
3. Under Margins, set all four fields to 1 (Google Docs uses inches by default in the US locale).
4. Click OK.
5. Optional: click Set as default to apply to future documents.

If your Google Docs shows centimeters instead of inches, type 2.54 in each field to get the correct measurement.

Does the Running Head Affect Margins?

No. The running head sits inside the top margin area as a header, not as extra space added above it. Your top margin remains 1 inch; the page number and running head (for manuscripts requiring one) appear within that 1-inch zone.

In APA 7th edition, running heads are only required for manuscripts being submitted for publication. Student papers do not require a running head — only a page number in the top-right corner of the header.

Do APA Margins Change for Different Sections?

No. The 1-inch margin applies uniformly across every section of an APA paper:

The 0.5-inch paragraph indent and the 0.5-inch hanging indent in references are measured from the margin, not from the edge of the page. Your margins never change — only the text indentation within those margins varies by element.

APA 6th vs. 7th Edition: Any Margin Changes?

No. Margins did not change between editions. Both APA 6 and APA 7 require 1-inch margins on all sides. If you’re updating a paper from APA 6 to APA 7, your margins need no adjustment.

Common Margin Mistakes

Checking Your Margins Before Submission

Two quick ways to verify your margins are correct:

1. Print preview: In Word, go to File → Print. The preview shows your actual page layout. If text appears close to any edge, your margins may be off.
2. Ruler check: In Word, enable the ruler (View → Ruler). The gray shaded area on the ruler represents the margin. For a standard 8.5 × 11-inch page, the white area should start at 1 inch from each side.

APA Margins vs. Other Citation Styles

If you write papers in multiple styles, the 1-inch rule covers APA, MLA, and Chicago uniformly. IEEE is the main exception, with its two-column conference format using narrower top margins.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I use 1.5-inch margins to make my paper longer?

No. Adjusting margins to inflate page count is academic dishonesty in most institutions. Professors check this. Use 1-inch margins as specified and meet length requirements through content.

My university requires 1.5-inch left margin for binding. Is that allowed in APA?

Yes. APA’s guidelines defer to institutional requirements. If your graduate school requires a wider left margin for thesis binding, follow your school’s specification. Document it in a note if you’re concerned about compliance.

Does the reference list have different margins?

No — the page margins stay at 1 inch. The hanging indent in references (0.5 inch) is a text indent, not a margin change. The first line of each reference starts at the left margin; subsequent lines indent 0.5 inch inward.

What about headers and footers — are they inside the 1-inch margin?

Yes. The page number and running head sit inside the top margin area. APA recommends placing the header 0.5 inch from the top edge of the page, which puts it inside the 1-inch top margin. The text body begins at the 1-inch mark.

Quick Reference: APA Format Checklist for Margins

• All four margins set to exactly 1 inch (2.54 cm)
• No mirror margins or gutter margins
• Applied to the whole document, not individual sections
• Page number in header, 0.5 inch from top edge
• Paragraph first-line indent: 0.5 inch (measured from left margin)
• Block quote indent: 0.5 inch from left margin
• Reference list hanging indent: 0.5 inch

For a complete breakdown of all APA 7th edition formatting requirements — font, line spacing, title page, and reference format — see the APA Format Guide.

La portada es la primera página que lee tu profesor — y también la primera impresión de tu trabajo. En APA séptima edición existen dos versiones de portada con requisitos distintos: la de trabajos estudiantiles y la de trabajos profesionales. Aquí vas a encontrar exactamente qué lleva cada una, dónde se ubica cada elemento y cómo configurarlo en Word sin perder tiempo.

Portada para trabajos estudiantiles (la más común)

La séptima edición de APA simplificó la portada estudiantil respecto a versiones anteriores. Ya no incluye running head ni nota del autor. Estos son los elementos obligatorios, en el orden exacto en que aparecen:

1. Número de página — en el encabezado, alineado a la derecha. La portada es página 1.
2. Título del trabajo — en negrita, centrado, ubicado en la mitad superior de la página.
3. Nombre del autor o autores — sin negrita, centrado, debajo del título.
4. Afiliación institucional — departamento y universidad, centrado.
5. Nombre del curso — código y nombre completo del curso.
6. Nombre del profesor — con su título académico (Dr., Mg., etc.).
7. Fecha de entrega — en formato: mes día, año (para inglés) o día de mes de año (para español).

Ejemplo de portada estudiantil

Portada para trabajos profesionales

Los trabajos destinados a publicación o revisión editorial utilizan una portada diferente. Incluye running head y nota del autor, y no lleva información del curso ni del profesor.

1. Running head — en el encabezado, alineado a la izquierda, en mayúsculas, máximo 50 caracteres. A la derecha va el número de página.
2. Título del trabajo — en negrita, centrado, mitad superior de la página.
3. Nombre del autor o autores — sin negrita, centrado.
4. Afiliación institucional — nombre de la institución u organización.
5. Nota del autor — en la mitad inferior de la página, con información de contacto y agradecimientos.

Formato tipográfico de la portada

APA 7 permite varias fuentes tipográficas aceptadas. Debes usar una sola fuente en todo el documento, incluida la portada:

Todos los márgenes son de 2,54 cm (1 pulgada) en los cuatro lados. El interlineado de la portada es doble (2.0), igual que el resto del documento.

Reglas específicas para el título

El título es el elemento más importante de la portada y tiene reglas propias que muchos estudiantes pasan por alto:

• Máximo 12 palabras. Si el título es más largo, sintetiza sin perder la idea central.
• Sin abreviaciones. Escribe los nombres completos aunque sean largos.
• Sin negrita en subtítulo. Si incluyes un subtítulo, va separado del título principal por dos puntos y no lleva negrita.
• Sin cursiva. Excepto para términos técnicos, nombres científicos o palabras en otro idioma.
• Mayúsculas solo en la primera letra de cada palabra principal (estilo título). Las preposiciones y artículos van en minúscula.

Títulos correctos e incorrectos

Cómo configurar la portada en Word paso a paso

Paso 1: Configurar los márgenes

Ve a Diseño de página → Márgenes → Márgenes personalizados. Establece 2,54 cm (1″) en todos los lados: superior, inferior, izquierdo y derecho.

Paso 2: Activar el encabezado con número de página

Haz doble clic en el área del encabezado. Ve a Insertar → Número de página → Parte superior de la página → Sin formato 3 (alineado a la derecha). Para trabajos estudiantiles, no escribas «Encabezado en marcha» — solo el número.

Paso 3: Posicionar el título en la mitad superior

La mitad superior no significa exactamente el centro vertical de la página — significa que el bloque de texto de la portada debe comenzar aproximadamente a un tercio desde arriba. En Word, una forma práctica es presionar Enter varias veces hasta que el cursor esté visualmente en esa zona, luego escribir el título centrado y en negrita.

Paso 4: Interlineado doble en toda la portada

Selecciona todo el texto de la portada con Ctrl+A. Ve a Inicio → Espaciado entre líneas y párrafos → 2.0. Asegúrate de que la opción «Agregar espacio antes del párrafo» esté desactivada.

Errores frecuentes en la portada APA

Diferencias entre APA 6 y APA 7 en la portada

Si tu profesor usó una guía de APA 6, ten en cuenta estos cambios que introdujo la séptima edición:

• APA 7 eliminó el running head para trabajos estudiantiles. En APA 6 era obligatorio para todos.
• APA 7 agregó el nombre del curso, el nombre del profesor y la fecha de entrega a la portada estudiantil.
• APA 7 permite más fuentes tipográficas. APA 6 solo recomendaba Times New Roman 12pt.
• El ORCID iD del autor puede incluirse opcionalmente en trabajos profesionales.

Preguntas frecuentes

¿La portada cuenta como una página del trabajo?

Sí. La portada siempre es la página 1, aunque el número no se vea si tu profesor así lo indica. El conteo del documento empieza desde ella.

¿Qué pasa si somos varios autores?

Los nombres van uno debajo del otro o separados por comas en la misma línea, según cuántos sean. Si son tres o más autores de distintas instituciones, se usa superíndice para indicar la afiliación de cada uno.

¿La portada lleva encabezado y pie de página?

Solo encabezado con el número de página. No lleva pie de página. En trabajos profesionales también va el running head en el encabezado, a la izquierda.

Si necesitas el formato completo del documento, descarga la plantilla APA 7 en Word con todos los elementos ya configurados: portada, márgenes, interlineado, encabezados y lista de referencias.

ChatGPT Plus costs $20/month. For students on tight budgets, that’s a real question. This review gives you a direct, honest answer based on specific student use cases — not a list of features you can find on OpenAI’s website.

ChatGPT Free vs. Plus vs. Plus with o1: What’s the Actual Difference?

Is ChatGPT Plus Worth $20/Month for Students?

The direct answer: it depends entirely on how you use it.

Worth It If You…

• Use AI for research and writing every day. Free GPT-4o limits are frustrating if you hit them mid-paper at 11pm. Plus eliminates rate limits.
• Study STEM subjects with complex problem-solving. The o1 reasoning model is measurably better at math, programming, and multi-step logic than GPT-4o. If you’re in engineering, CS, or physics, this matters.
• Upload papers and textbook chapters regularly. The ability to upload a 50-page PDF and ask specific questions about it is one of Plus’s most useful features for students.
• Do data analysis for coursework. Code Interpreter lets you upload a dataset and ask for statistical analysis, visualizations, and interpretations. Genuinely useful for research methods courses.
• Need it during finals season. Free tier slows significantly under load. Plus users get priority queuing when demand spikes.

Skip It If You…

• Only use ChatGPT casually or occasionally. The free tier is genuinely capable for casual use: drafting emails, explaining concepts, brainstorming. You won’t miss Plus if you use it less than 30 minutes/day.
• Primarily write essays and papers. For prose writing assistance, GPT-4o free vs. Plus is difficult to distinguish in output quality. The free tier hits limits, but for moderate use it’s fine.
• Budget is very tight. There are strong free alternatives (see below) that cover most of what students need.

Better Alternatives for Students Who Can’t Justify $20/Month

Honest take: Claude.ai’s free tier is the strongest free ChatGPT Plus alternative for students in 2026. It handles long documents, nuanced academic writing, and research synthesis with generous usage limits. Perplexity is better for web-sourced research. Copilot is the right choice if you already use Microsoft 365 Student.

The Exam-Season Strategy (Insight Propio)

Here’s a practical approach: don’t pay for Plus year-round. Subscribe for one or two months around your heaviest academic periods — midterms and finals. Cancel immediately after. This gives you full Plus access when you need it most (when free tier congestion is highest and your usage peaks) for $20–40 total vs. $240/year.

Cancel anytime from Settings → Subscription. Your Plus features stay active until the end of the billing period.

The Academic Integrity Question

Using ChatGPT as a drafting tool, idea generator, or research assistant is increasingly accepted — but submitting AI-generated content as your own work without disclosure can violate academic integrity policies at most institutions. Always check your university’s specific AI use policy and your professor’s course-specific guidelines before using any AI tool for academic work. Our guide on ChatGPT and plagiarism covers this in detail.

Verdict

ChatGPT Plus is worth $20/month for students who: hit the free tier limits regularly, study STEM subjects that benefit from o1, or need to analyze uploaded documents and data. For everyone else, the free tier or one of the free alternatives (especially Claude.ai and Perplexity) covers most use cases without the subscription cost.

Does OpenAI Offer a Student Discount?

As of 2026, OpenAI does not offer a dedicated student discount on ChatGPT Plus. The price is $20/month for all users regardless of student status, with no .edu verification discount available through the standard checkout. This makes the exam-season subscribe-and-cancel strategy even more practical: you pay full price, but only for the months you actually need it. OpenAI has run promotional discounts occasionally, so it’s worth checking the pricing page before subscribing to see if any current offers apply.

How Students Are Actually Using ChatGPT Plus in 2026

The most common student use cases that justify Plus over Free come down to three workflows. First, literature review acceleration: uploading multiple PDFs of journal articles and asking structured questions across them saves hours compared to reading each paper in full. Second, code debugging: o1’s step-by-step reasoning catches logic errors in programming assignments that GPT-4o often misses. Third, data interpretation: uploading a CSV from a research project and getting statistical summaries with visualizations is something many students previously needed SPSS or R knowledge to do. If your coursework involves any of these three tasks regularly, Plus pays for itself in time saved.

Privacy Considerations for Students Using ChatGPT

ChatGPT uses conversation data to improve its models unless you opt out through the settings. For most academic use this is a minor concern, but it matters if you are working with sensitive research data, proprietary case studies, or any information covered by an NDA. OpenAI’s data controls are in Settings → Data Controls → Improve the model for everyone. Turning this off means your conversations are not used for training. Students working with human subjects research data should check their IRB protocol to confirm whether using AI tools for analysis is permitted, as some protocols restrict data to specific approved tools.

👉 Related: Is Using ChatGPT Plagiarism? | Best AI Writing Tools for Students | ChatGPT Prompts for Essay Writing

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Canva Pro costs $15/month normally. As a student or educator, you can get it completely free — either through Canva for Education (fully free for verified students) or by unlocking Pro features through your university. Here’s exactly how to access it.

Canva Pro for Students: The Two Free Paths

There are two legitimate ways to get Canva Pro at no cost as a student:

The key clarification: Signing up with a .edu email does NOT automatically give you Canva Pro. You get the standard free plan. True free Pro access requires either a K-12 Canva for Education verification, or your university having a campus license.

Path 1: Canva for Education (K-12 / Verified Institutions)

Canva for Education provides full Pro features for free to eligible K-12 teachers, students, and approved higher education institutions. (Canva Education)

1. Go to canva.com/education
2. Click «Get Canva for Education»
3. Sign in or create a Canva account
4. Verify your institution email
5. If your school is in Canva’s system, you’ll be granted free Pro access instantly
6. If not automatic, submit a verification request (typically reviewed within 1–2 business days)

Path 2: Check If Your University Has a Campus License

Many universities have purchased Canva Enterprise or Canva for Education licenses for their students. Check with your university’s IT department or digital tools/software page. Search your university website for «Canva» or ask your librarian.

If your university has a campus license, they’ll give you a specific sign-up link or guide you through Single Sign-On (SSO) to activate Pro.

What You Unlock With Canva Pro (vs. Free)

Best Canva Pro Uses for Students

• Resume and portfolio: Canva’s resume templates are significantly more polished than Word. Background Remover is essential for profile photos.
• Presentations: Over 600K templates. If you’re tired of Google Slides defaults, Canva delivers professional designs in minutes.
• Infographics for papers and projects: Data visualizations that make professors actually engage with your work.
• Social media for student clubs and orgs: Brand Kit lets your club maintain consistent visual identity across all posts.
• Side hustle graphic design: If you’re freelancing graphic design (see our side hustles guide), Canva Pro is a legitimate professional tool for client work.

Canva Free vs. Canva Pro: Is Pro Worth $15/Month If You Can’t Get It Free?

If you can’t access Pro for free, the honest assessment is: most students get 80% of the value they need from the free plan. The exceptions — where Pro is genuinely worth paying for — are Background Remover (critical for professional headshots and product photos) and Brand Kit (if you’re running any business or brand). If you need just those two features a few times, consider a single month and cancel.

Canva vs. Adobe Creative Cloud for Students

Adobe Creative Cloud gives students access to Photoshop, Illustrator, Premiere Pro, and the full suite at a student discount of around $19.99/month. Canva Pro, when you can get it free through education, wins on value simply because there’s no cost at all. But the comparison shifts if you’re studying design, photography, or film — those fields still run on Adobe tools, and hiring managers in creative industries expect candidates to know Photoshop and Illustrator. Canva is excellent for non-designers who need polished output fast; Adobe is the right choice for students whose career requires professional creative software skills.

How Long Does Canva for Education Access Last?

Canva for Education access is tied to your verified institutional email address. As long as you remain enrolled at the institution and your school email stays active, your access continues. Most students lose access after graduation when their .edu or institutional email is deactivated — typically three to six months after the end of your final semester, depending on your school’s email retention policy. Before your institutional email expires, export all your Canva designs or transfer them to a personal account to avoid losing work.

Using Canva Pro for Academic Presentations

One underused feature in Canva Pro for students is the Presenter view, which lets you see your speaker notes on one screen while the audience sees only your slides. Combined with the ability to embed video clips, animate elements, and use the Magic Resize tool to adapt one presentation to different aspect ratios (16:9 for a projector, 4:3 for an older classroom screen), Canva handles academic presentations in ways that Google Slides and PowerPoint’s free tiers do not. You can also publish a presentation as a live website link, which is useful for sharing your work with professors or classmates who want to review it asynchronously.

Canva Pro Collaboration Features for Group Projects

Group projects are one of the strongest arguments for getting Canva Pro through your university. The free plan allows basic collaboration, but Pro unlocks real-time multi-user editing, commenting, and approval workflows that make group design projects much smoother. You can assign different sections of a project to different team members, leave comments directly on design elements, and publish a final version with a single shareable link. For student organizations managing newsletters, event flyers, and social media across a committee, the Brand Kit feature is worth the campus license cost alone — it stops every new member from inventing their own version of the logo.

👉 Related: Best AI Writing Tools for Students | Side Hustles for College Students | Adobe Creative Cloud Student Discount

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Apple’s Education Pricing gives students and teachers exclusive discounts on Macs, iPads, and accessories — plus one of the best annual Back to School promotions in consumer tech. Here’s exactly what’s discounted, how much you save, and how to claim it.

Apple Student Discount: How Much You Actually Save in 2026

Prices are approximate and subject to change. Verify current Education pricing at apple.com/education.

Who Qualifies for Apple’s Education Discount?

• Current or newly accepted college, university, or graduate students
• Parents purchasing on behalf of a college student
• Teachers and educators (K-12 and higher education)
• Homeschool educators

Important: Apple does not require verification at the time of purchase. You agree to the terms when checking out. Apple may verify eligibility after purchase, so you need to genuinely qualify.

How to Buy With Apple’s Education Pricing

1. Go to apple.com/education
2. Click «Shop» on the Apple Education Store page
3. Select your product (Education pricing is automatically applied)
4. Add to cart and proceed to checkout
5. You may also visit an Apple Store in person and show your student ID

Apple Back to School: The Bigger Opportunity

Apple runs a Back to School promotion every summer (typically June–September) that stacks on top of education pricing. In recent years the promotion has included:

• A free pair of AirPods (up to $249 value) with Mac or iPad purchase
• Apple Gift Card ($50–$200) with qualifying purchase
• Free or discounted Apple One subscription (Apple Music, TV+, Arcade bundled)

Strategy: If you know you’re buying a Mac or iPad for college, time the purchase for July–August during Back to School. The AirPods-with-Mac deal alone adds $200 in value on top of the education discount.

Apple Education vs. Refurbished: What Saves More?

Insight propio: For budget-conscious students, Apple Certified Refurbished products often beat education pricing. A refurbished MacBook Air M2 can run $200–$400 cheaper than a new M3 at education prices. Apple’s refurbished products come with the same 1-year warranty and are eligible for AppleCare+.

Apple AppleCare+ Student Discount

Education pricing also applies to AppleCare+. For students who are rough with their devices, AppleCare+ is worth considering: it covers accidental damage (screen drops, liquid damage) at a reduced service fee. A screen replacement for a MacBook without AppleCare+ can cost $400–$600.

Which Mac Is Best for College Students in 2026?

For most students, the MacBook Air 13″ with the M3 chip at $999 education price is the right answer. It handles writing, research, video editing, and coding without thermal throttling, weighs under 3 lbs, and gets over 15 hours of battery life in real use. The MacBook Pro 14″ is only worth the extra $500 if you are doing heavy video work, 3D rendering, or machine learning. The iMac makes sense if your primary work is desktop-based and you want a large display — but it lacks portability, which most students need.

iPad vs. Mac for College: How to Decide

The iPad is not a laptop replacement for most college work. If your courses require a full desktop operating system — running Xcode, MATLAB, Stata, or any professional software — an iPad will leave you dependent on remote desktop workarounds. Where an iPad shines for students is as a note-taking device with Apple Pencil, a reading and annotation tool for PDFs, and a portable screen for lighter work. Many students own both, but if you can only buy one device, a MacBook Air covers more ground for academic use.

Does the Apple Student Discount Expire?

The education discount is available year-round through the Apple Education Store — it does not have a fixed expiration date. What does change seasonally is the Back to School promotion, which typically runs June through September. If you miss Back to School, you still get education pricing throughout the year; you just won’t get the bundled gift card or free AirPods. Apple occasionally updates which products are included in education pricing when new hardware launches, so the specific models and savings amounts in the table above may shift as new chips roll out.

Can International Students Use Apple Education Pricing?

Yes. Apple’s Education Store exists in most countries where Apple sells products. International students enrolled at a US university can purchase through the US Education Store. Students enrolled at universities outside the US should use their home country’s Apple Education Store. The discount percentage is similar globally, though the absolute savings vary because base prices differ by region. If you are an international student buying a Mac in the US to take home, check whether the device will be covered by warranty in your home country — AppleCare+ typically follows the device regardless of where it is used.

👉 Related: Best Laptops for College Students Under $500 | Spotify Student Discount 2026 | Canva Pro for Students: How to Get It Free

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