Categoría: Normas APA

  • APA Appendix: How to Format, Label, and Reference Appendices

    An APA appendix contains supplementary material that supports your paper but would interrupt the flow of the main text — survey instruments, raw data tables, lengthy statistical output, stimuli, or detailed procedures. Each appendix starts on its own page and is labeled with a capital letter: Appendix A, Appendix B, and so on.

    APA Appendix Format Rules

    ElementFormat
    Label«Appendix A» — centered, bold, at the top of the page
    TitleDescriptive title below the label — centered, bold
    Multiple appendicesEach on its own page; labeled A, B, C…
    Single appendixLabel is simply «Appendix» (no letter)
    Position in documentAfter the reference list
    Page numberingContinues from the reference list
    Line spacingDouble (consistent with rest of paper)

    Source: APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition, Section 2.14.

    How to Label an Appendix

    The label and title appear at the top of the appendix page:

    Appendix A
    Survey Instrument Used in Study 1

    If you have only one appendix, label it simply «Appendix» — no letter. If you have two or more, use letters in the order the appendices are first mentioned in the text.

    How to Reference an Appendix in the Text

    Every appendix must be mentioned at least once in the body of the paper. Reference it by letter:

    ContextExample
    Parenthetical referenceThe full survey is reproduced in Appendix A.
    Mid-sentence referenceAs shown in Appendix B, the raw scores varied widely across groups.
    Single appendixSee the Appendix for the complete coding scheme.

    What Belongs in an Appendix

    Appropriate appendix contentDoes NOT belong in an appendix
    Survey questionnaires or interview guidesResults you should discuss in the body
    Full statistical output tablesSources — these go in the reference list
    Detailed experimental stimuliBackground information that belongs in the introduction
    Technical formulas or derivationsAnything a general reader needs to understand your argument
    Transcripts or participant responsesCore data that should be in the results section
    Large figures or images referenced in the textFigures or tables central to your argument

    Tables and Figures Within an Appendix

    Tables and figures inside an appendix use the appendix letter in their labels rather than sequential numbers from the main text:

    LocationLabel formatExample
    Main textTable 1, Table 2 / Figure 1, Figure 2Table 3
    Appendix ATable A1, Table A2 / Figure A1Table A1
    Appendix BTable B1, Figure B1Figure B2

    Common Appendix Mistakes

    MistakeFix
    Appendix before the reference listReferences always come first; appendices follow
    Not mentioning the appendix in the textEvery appendix must have at least one in-text reference
    Using numbers instead of letters (Appendix 1, 2)APA uses capital letters: Appendix A, B, C
    Multiple appendices on the same pageEach appendix starts on a new page
    Tables numbered sequentially with main text (Table 5 in Appendix)Restart numbering with the appendix letter: Table A1

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Can an appendix have its own reference list?

    No. All sources cited within an appendix must appear in the main reference list. Do not create a separate reference list within the appendix.

    Does the appendix need a page number?

    Yes. Page numbers continue sequentially through the appendix, just as they do throughout the rest of the paper.

    What if my appendix is a form or document created by someone else?

    Include it with a note about its source and cite it in the reference list. If it is copyrighted, you may need written permission from the copyright holder before reproducing it in a published work.

    For complete APA paper structure including tables, figures, and reference list format, see the APA Format Guide.

  • APA Reference Page: Format Rules and Examples (2026)

    The APA reference page is the last section of your paper — a complete, alphabetically ordered list of every source cited in your text. It is titled «References» (not «Bibliography» or «Works Cited»), starts on its own page, and follows strict formatting rules for each source type.

    Reference Page Format Requirements

    ElementRequirement
    Page title«References» — centered, bold, at the top
    Starting pageNew page after the body text
    OrderAlphabetical by first author’s last name
    Line spacingDouble throughout
    IndentationHanging indent: 0.5 inch on lines 2 onward of each entry
    Extra space between entriesNone — no blank lines between references
    FontSame as body text

    Source: APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition, Chapter 9.

    Reference Format by Source Type

    Journal article

    Format: Last name, I. (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page–page. https://doi.org/xxxxx

    Example:
    Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2023). Sleep, memory, and plasticity. Annual Review of Psychology, 74(1), 55–78. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070307

    Book

    Format: Last name, I. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.

    Example:
    Walker, M. (2017). Why we sleep: Unlocking the power of sleep and dreams. Scribner.

    Book chapter (edited volume)

    Format: Last name, I. (Year). Title of chapter. In I. Last name (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). Publisher.

    Example:
    Smith, J. (2022). Memory consolidation during sleep. In R. Brown (Ed.), Handbook of sleep science (pp. 112–145). Academic Press.

    Website

    Format: Last name, I. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Website Name. URL

    Example:
    American Psychological Association. (2023, March 15). How to cite sources in APA format. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/learn/quick-guide-on-references

    Newspaper article

    Format: Last name, I. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Name. URL

    Example:
    Carey, B. (2023, October 12). Scientists uncover new findings on sleep deprivation. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/health/sleep-research.html

    Government or institutional report

    Format: Author or Agency. (Year). Title of report (Report No. XXX). Publisher. URL

    Example:
    National Institutes of Health. (2023). Sleep disorders research plan (NIH Publication No. 23-7982). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/sleep

    Alphabetical Ordering Rules

    SituationRule
    Same first author, different yearsOldest first: Smith (2019), Smith (2021), Smith (2023)
    Same author, same yearAdd a, b, c after year: Smith (2023a), Smith (2023b)
    One-author vs. multi-author (same first author)Single-author entries come before multi-author entries
    No authorAlphabetize by the first significant word of the title
    Mc/Mac surnamesAlphabetize literally — «Mc» is not treated as «Mac»

    How to Create a Hanging Indent in Word

    1. Select all reference entries.
    2. Right-click → Paragraph.
    3. Under Indentation → Special, select Hanging.
    4. Set the By value to 0.5″.
    5. Click OK.

    Common Reference Page Mistakes

    MistakeFix
    Titled «Bibliography» or «Works Cited»Must be titled exactly «References»
    Extra blank lines between entriesRemove — double spacing within and between entries is sufficient
    Regular indent instead of hanging indentFirst line at margin; all subsequent lines indented 0.5 inch
    Missing DOI for journal articlesAlways include DOI when available
    Italicizing article titlesOnly the journal name and volume number are italicized; article titles are not
    Including sources not cited in the textReference list contains only sources actually cited — not a general reading list

    Frequently Asked Questions

    What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?

    A reference list contains only sources cited in the text. A bibliography may include additional sources you consulted but did not cite. APA uses reference lists — not bibliographies.

    Should I include the access date for websites?

    Only when the content is likely to change over time — like wikis, social media posts, or frequently updated pages. For stable web pages (reports, articles with a clear publication date), no access date is needed.

    What if a source has no publication date?

    Use «n.d.» in place of the year: Smith, J. (n.d.). Title. Publisher.

    For complete in-text citation rules that correspond to each reference type above, see the APA In-Text Citation Guide.

  • APA In-Text Citation: Every Type with Examples (2026)

    APA in-text citations use the author-date system: every time you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you include the author’s last name and the publication year in parentheses. For direct quotes, you also add a page number. These brief citations point readers to the full reference in your reference list.

    Basic In-Text Citation Format

    Citation typeFormatExample
    Paraphrase (1 author)(Last name, Year)(Smith, 2023)
    Paraphrase (2 authors)(Last name & Last name, Year)(Smith & Jones, 2023)
    Paraphrase (3+ authors)(First author et al., Year)(Smith et al., 2023)
    Direct quote(Last name, Year, p. #)(Smith, 2023, p. 45)
    Direct quote, no page numbers(Last name, Year, para. #) or section name(Smith, 2023, para. 3)

    Source: APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition, Chapter 8.

    Parenthetical vs. Narrative Citations

    APA allows two ways to incorporate a citation into your writing:

    TypeStructureExample
    ParentheticalCitation at the end of the sentenceSleep deprivation impairs cognitive function (Walker, 2023).
    NarrativeAuthor name in the sentence; year in parenthesesWalker (2023) found that sleep deprivation impairs cognitive function.

    Both are correct. Narrative citations work well when you want to emphasize who conducted the research. Parenthetical citations keep the focus on the finding itself. Vary your approach to improve readability.

    Number of Authors: Citation Rules

    Number of authorsFirst citationAll subsequent citations
    1 author(Smith, 2023)(Smith, 2023)
    2 authors(Smith & Jones, 2023)(Smith & Jones, 2023)
    3 or more authors(Smith et al., 2023)(Smith et al., 2023)

    APA 7 simplified the rule for 3+ authors — you use «et al.» from the very first citation, unlike APA 6 which listed all authors for the first mention.

    Direct Quotes: Format and Examples

    Short quotations (under 40 words)

    Incorporate into your text with quotation marks:

    Smith (2023) concluded that «the relationship between sleep and memory consolidation is stronger than previously understood» (p. 112).

    Block quotations (40 words or more)

    Start on a new line, indented 0.5 inch from the left margin, no quotation marks. The citation goes after the closing punctuation:

    Walker (2023) described the mechanism as follows:

    During slow-wave sleep, the hippocampus replays newly encoded memories and transfers them to the neocortex for long-term storage. This process, known as memory consolidation, requires uninterrupted sleep cycles of sufficient duration to complete all necessary transfer operations. (p. 198)

    Special Cases

    No author

    Use the first few words of the title in place of the author. Use quotation marks for article titles, italics for book or report titles:

    («Sleep Study Results,» 2023) — for an article
    (Annual Sleep Report, 2023) — for a book or report

    No date

    Use «n.d.» (no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.)

    Organization or government as author

    Spell out the full name on first use; use the abbreviation thereafter if one exists:

    First citation: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2023)
    Subsequent citations: (WHO, 2023)

    Two authors with the same last name

    Include first initials to distinguish them, even if the publication years differ:

    (J. Smith, 2022) and (R. Smith, 2023)

    Two works by the same author in the same year

    Add lowercase letters after the year, assigned alphabetically by title:

    (Smith, 2023a) and (Smith, 2023b)

    Citing multiple sources in one parenthetical

    List citations alphabetically, separated by semicolons:

    (Brown, 2021; Garcia, 2022; Smith, 2023)

    Secondary sources (citing a source you found cited in another source)

    Cite only when the original is unavailable. Identify the original work and credit the source where you found it:

    Freud (as cited in Smith, 2023)

    Only Smith (2023) appears in your reference list — not Freud’s original work.

    Common In-Text Citation Mistakes

    MistakeCorrect format
    (Smith, 2023, p.45) — no space before page number(Smith, 2023, p. 45)
    (Smith, Jones, & Brown, 2023) — APA 7 now uses et al. for 3+(Smith et al., 2023)
    (Smith 2023) — missing comma(Smith, 2023)
    Using «pp.» for a single pageUse «p.» for one page; «pp.» only for a range (pp. 45–47)
    Putting the period inside the parenthetical for a sentence-end citationPeriod goes after the closing parenthesis: …finding (Smith, 2023).

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Do I need a page number for paraphrases?

    APA 7 does not require page numbers for paraphrases, but the manual recommends including them when it would help readers locate the specific passage. For long books with many chapters, a page or paragraph number is helpful even for paraphrases.

    What if a source has no page numbers (website, e-book)?

    Use a paragraph number (para. 4), a heading name, or a section label to help readers locate the passage: (Smith, 2023, «Results» section, para. 2).

    Should I cite every sentence when paraphrasing a long passage?

    No. When you are clearly paraphrasing a single source across multiple sentences, APA allows you to cite once at the end of the passage rather than after every sentence. Make it clear from context that the entire passage refers to the same source.

    For the complete APA reference list format — how to format books, journals, websites, and more at the end of your paper — see the APA References Guide.

  • APA Abstract: Format, Word Count, and Examples (2026)

    An APA abstract is a 150–250 word summary of your paper that appears on its own page, directly after the title page. It gives readers a complete but concise overview of your paper’s purpose, method, results, and conclusions — enough to decide whether to read the full paper.

    APA Abstract Format Requirements

    ElementRequirement
    Page positionOwn page, after the title page (page 2)
    Label«Abstract» — centered, bold, at the top of the page
    Word count150–250 words
    Line spacingDouble
    First-line indentNone — abstract paragraph starts at the left margin
    FontSame as body text
    Keywords lineOptional but recommended — on the line after the abstract text
    Structured vs. unstructuredDepends on paper type (see below)

    Source: APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition, Chapter 2, Section 2.9.

    Do Student Papers Need an Abstract?

    Not always. APA 7th edition states that student papers do not require an abstract unless the instructor or institution requests one. For short course papers (5–10 pages), an abstract is typically not needed. For longer research papers, theses, and dissertations, it is generally expected.

    When in doubt, check your syllabus or ask your professor before spending time writing an abstract.

    Structured vs. Unstructured Abstracts

    TypeWhen usedStructure
    UnstructuredMost student papers, literature reviews, theoretical papersOne continuous paragraph, no internal labels
    StructuredEmpirical research papers, clinical reports, meta-analysesUses labeled sections: Objective, Method, Results, Conclusions

    Example: Unstructured Abstract

    This study examined the relationship between sleep duration and academic performance among undergraduate students at a large public university. A survey of 312 students collected data on self-reported sleep hours, grade point average, and study habits over one semester. Students sleeping fewer than six hours per night showed significantly lower GPAs compared to those sleeping seven or more hours (p < .001). Perceived stress mediated the relationship between sleep and GPA in approximately 40% of cases. These findings suggest that institutional sleep health interventions may produce measurable academic benefits at relatively low cost.

    Keywords: sleep duration, academic performance, undergraduate students, GPA, stress

    Example: Structured Abstract

    Objective: To examine whether mindfulness-based interventions reduce test anxiety in high school students.

    Method: A randomized controlled trial with 180 students assigned to an 8-week mindfulness program or a waitlist control condition. Anxiety was measured using the Test Anxiety Inventory at baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up.

    Results: Intervention students showed significantly lower test anxiety at post-intervention (d = 0.72) and at follow-up (d = 0.58) compared to controls.

    Conclusions: Mindfulness training produces meaningful reductions in test anxiety that persist at 3-month follow-up. School-based implementation is feasible within existing curriculum structures.

    How to Format the Keywords Line

    The keywords line appears directly below the abstract paragraph, on the same page. Format it as follows:

    • Start with the label Keywords: in italics, followed by a colon.
    • List 3–5 keywords in lowercase, separated by commas.
    • No period at the end of the keywords line.
    • Keywords should reflect the main concepts of your paper — the terms someone would search to find your work.

    Correct format:
    Keywords: academic writing, APA format, citation style, student papers, reference list

    What to Include in Each Part of the Abstract

    ComponentWhat to coverApproximate word count
    Problem/purposeWhat question does the paper address? Why does it matter?30–50 words
    MethodWho were the participants? What design or approach was used?40–60 words
    ResultsWhat were the main findings? Include key statistics if relevant.40–60 words
    ConclusionsWhat do the findings mean? What are the implications?30–50 words

    Abstract Word Count by Paper Type

    Paper typeRecommended word count
    Standard APA research paper150–250 words
    Thesis or dissertationOften 250–350 words (check institutional requirement)
    Systematic review or meta-analysis250 words typical
    Journal submissionCheck journal’s author guidelines — often 150–200 words

    Common Abstract Mistakes

    MistakeWhy it’s a problemFix
    First-line indent in the abstractAPA requires no indent for the abstract paragraphRemove the tab; start at the left margin
    Citations in the abstractAbstracts should be self-contained; citations usually don’t belongRemove references; only cite if the paper is directly about a specific work
    Writing the abstract before the paperYou can’t accurately summarize what you haven’t written yetWrite the abstract last, after completing the full paper
    Copying the introductionThe abstract and introduction serve different purposesWrite the abstract from scratch; it summarizes the whole paper, not just the problem
    Exceeding 250 wordsGoes beyond the APA maximumCut background context — keep only findings and conclusions

    APA 6 vs APA 7: Abstract Changes

    The core abstract requirements stayed the same between editions. The main change in APA 7 is that student papers are no longer required to include an abstract (it was previously expected for all papers). The keywords line was also formalized in APA 7 — in APA 6, keywords were sometimes placed before the abstract rather than after.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Should the abstract mention the title of the paper?

    No. The title already appears on the title page and as a header on the first page of the body. The abstract should stand on its own — a reader who sees only the abstract should understand the paper’s purpose, method, and findings without needing the title.

    Can I use abbreviations in the abstract?

    Define abbreviations on first use within the abstract itself, even if you define them again in the body. The abstract is read independently and cannot rely on definitions from the body of the paper.

    Does the abstract count toward the paper’s word limit?

    It depends on your instructor’s instructions. Most course assignments with a word limit refer to the body text only. When in doubt, ask. Professionally submitted manuscripts typically count abstract and body words separately.